Protein electrophoresis
Quick answer: Protein electrophoresis separates the proteins in your blood or urine into groups to show any abnormal pattern. It is mainly used to look for an abnormal protein (M band) seen in multiple myeloma and related conditions, and in some liver, kidney and immune disorders.
- SampleBlood or urine
- TakesAbout 5 minutes for blood; up to 24 hours for urine
- Before the testNo special preparation is usually needed.
How the test is done
- 1For blood, a vein in your arm is cleaned and a sample is drawn
- 2For urine, you may be asked for a spot or 24-hour sample
- 3In the lab, proteins are separated into bands on a gel
- 4A specialist reviews the pattern and reports any abnormal band
What your results can mean
Reading your report
The report describes the protein pattern; discuss any abnormal band with your doctor.
If the result is outside the usual range
An abnormal sharp band (M band) can point to multiple myeloma or a related condition, and can also be seen with a harmless condition called MGUS. Other pattern changes can be seen with inflammation, liver disease or kidney protein loss.
Who usually has this test
People with unexplained anaemia, bone pain, high calcium, kidney problems or a high globulin, and those being followed for myeloma or MGUS.
Risks and aftercare
A small bruise from the blood draw is the only likely effect, and urine collection has no risks.
Names and options
Also called: SPEP, UPEP, serum protein electrophoresis, urine protein electrophoresis, M band test
Options
- Serum
- Urine
Listed by the hospital as
- PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS, SERUM
- PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS, URINE
Questions about this test
What is an M band?
An M band is a sharp spike on the electrophoresis pattern caused by a large amount of one type of antibody. It can be seen in multiple myeloma and related conditions, and sometimes in people with no symptoms.
What is MGUS?
MGUS stands for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. It means a small M band is present without signs of cancer. Most people with MGUS stay well, but doctors monitor it with regular tests.
Why might both blood and urine electrophoresis be ordered?
Some abnormal proteins show up better in urine than in blood. Testing both helps doctors avoid missing an abnormal protein.
Related tests
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This page explains each test in general terms so you know what to expect. It is not medical advice: your doctor decides which tests you need and what your results mean. Reference ranges differ between laboratories. Updated 4 November 2026.