Sputum cytology
Quick answer: Sputum cytology looks at cells in phlegm coughed up from the lungs to check for abnormal cells. Doctors may order it for long-standing cough, coughing up blood, or an abnormal chest X-ray.
- SampleSputum
- TakesA few minutes for each sample
- Before the testGive an early morning sample by coughing deeply after rinsing your mouth with water; samples on more than one day may be needed.
How the test is done
- 1You rinse your mouth with plain water early in the morning before eating
- 2You take a few deep breaths and cough hard from deep in your chest
- 3You spit the phlegm, not saliva, into the sterile container and close the lid
- 4You may be asked to repeat this on two or three mornings
What your results can mean
Reading your report
A pathologist examines the cells under a microscope and writes a report; discuss what it means for you with your doctor.
If the result is outside the usual range
The lab may find abnormal cells that can point to lung cancer, or signs of inflammation or infection. A sample without abnormal cells does not rule out lung disease, so other tests are often needed.
Who usually has this test
People with a long-standing cough, coughing up blood, or a shadow on a chest X-ray that needs more tests.
Risks and aftercare
Deep coughing may leave your throat or chest a little sore for a short while; there is nothing else to do.
Names and options
Also called: sputum cytology, sputum for malignant cells
Listed by the hospital as
- SPUTUM, CYTOLOGY
Questions about this test
What is the difference between sputum and saliva?
Sputum is thick phlegm coughed up from the lungs, while saliva is watery spit from the mouth. Only sputum carries cells from the airways, so saliva samples are not useful.
Is sputum cytology the same as a TB sputum test?
No, sputum cytology looks for abnormal cells, while TB tests look for the TB germ. Your doctor may order both from separate samples.
Why are early morning samples preferred?
Phlegm collects in the airways overnight, so the first deep cough of the morning gives the richest sample.
Related tests
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This page explains each test in general terms so you know what to expect. It is not medical advice: your doctor decides which tests you need and what your results mean. Reference ranges differ between laboratories. Updated 4 November 2026.