FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology)
Quick answer: FNAC uses a very thin needle to draw cells from a lump, such as in the neck, thyroid, breast or a lymph node, to look at them under a microscope. Doctors order it to find out whether a lump is from infection, inflammation, a harmless growth or cancer.
- SampleCells drawn with a fine needle
- TakesAbout 10 to 20 minutes
- Before the testNo special preparation is usually needed; tell your doctor if you take blood thinners.
How the test is done
- 1You sit or lie down so the lump can be reached easily
- 2The skin over the lump is cleaned
- 3A very thin needle is passed into the lump, sometimes guided by ultrasound
- 4The needle is moved gently for a few seconds to collect cells, and may be repeated
- 5Pressure is applied and a small plaster is put on
What your results can mean
Reading your report
A pathologist examines the cells under a microscope and writes a report; discuss what it means for you with your doctor.
If the result is outside the usual range
The cells can show the lump is from infection or inflammation, such as tuberculosis, a harmless growth, a cyst, or cancer. Sometimes the sample is not enough or the result is unclear, and a repeat test or biopsy is needed.
Who usually has this test
People with a lump in the neck, thyroid, breast, armpit or elsewhere that needs a diagnosis.
Risks and aftercare
Mild soreness or a small bruise for a day or two is common; tell your doctor if you take blood thinners, and seek help for growing swelling or fever.
Names and options
Also called: FNAC, FNA, fine needle aspiration, needle test for lump
Listed by the hospital as
- FNAC CYTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
Questions about this test
Is FNAC the same as a biopsy?
FNAC takes loose cells with a very thin needle, while a biopsy takes a small piece of tissue. FNAC is quicker and simpler, but a biopsy gives more detail when the answer is unclear.
Does FNAC spread cancer?
The risk of spreading cancer along the needle track is extremely low with FNAC. Doctors use it widely because the benefit of a diagnosis is much greater.
Does FNAC hurt?
Most people feel a sharp prick and some pressure, similar to a blood test. Numbing medicine is not always needed because the needle is so thin.
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This page explains each test in general terms so you know what to expect. It is not medical advice: your doctor decides which tests you need and what your results mean. Reference ranges differ between laboratories. Updated 4 November 2026.